Double rose - red corolla with sepal of red . efflorescence in early summer to other fall . This fuchsia has oval , green leafage and produce fruit that is edible but not appetizing . These are very various plants , they can be train to baskets , trees , espaliers , pillars , and trellises . Fuchsias boom in a temperate climate with wet or humidity . Plant east or north of your building . Some sun , filtrate or lots of light . Mulch heavily where wintertime are moth-eaten . Prune back drained or humbled branches in leap , especially on plant life that were left alfresco in areas with mild winters . Cooler summertime temperature make Fuchsias a darling for the Pacific Northwest .
Google Plant Images : penetrate here !
Characteristics
Requirements
Plant Care
Fertilizing
Light
You will observe that sun and shade pattern change during the mean solar day . The western side of a menage may even be suspicious due to phantasm cast by large trees or a structure from an contiguous dimension . If you have just bribe a raw home or just beginning to garden in your sr. habitation , take time to map sun and shadiness throughout the day . You will get a more accurate feel for your site ’s on-key light conditions . condition : sink in LightFor many plant that prefer partly umbrageous conditions , filtered lightis ideal . Good planting sites are under a mid to large sized Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree that lets some lightness through their branches or beneath marvellous plants that will provide some tribute . Conditions : Moisture - sleep with HouseplantsHouseplants that require sizeable water , or those labeled asmoisture - have it away houseplantsrequire that they be water thoroughly until the land is saturate and then drains freely from muddle in the bottom of flowerpot . Re - piss when potting soil becomes ironical to the touch an in or so below the soil surface . Conditions : Partial Sun , Partial ShadePart sunorpart shadeplants opt light that is filtered . Sunlight , though not verbatim , is important to them . Often break of the day sun , because it is not as strong as afternoon sun , can be considered part sun or part refinement . If you hold out in an country that does not get much intense sun , such as the Pacific Northwest , a full sunshine exposure may be fine . In other areas such as Florida , flora in a localization where afternoon shadiness will be receive . precondition : Types of PruningTypes of pruning include : pinching , thinning , shearing and rejuvenating .
Pinching is removing the root peak of a new plant to promote ramify . Doing this avoids the need for more grievous pruning later on .
cutting involves take away whole subdivision back to the torso . This may be done to open up the inside of a flora to get more lightness in and to increase air circulation that can cut down on flora disease . The best room to begin cutting is to begin by bump off dead or diseased wood .
Shearing is level the surface of a bush using paw or galvanizing shear . This is done to maintain the desired chassis of a hedging or topiary .
Rejuvenating is remotion of honest-to-god branches or the overall reduction of the sizing of a shrub to furbish up its original form and size of it . It is recommended that you do not polish off more than one third of a plant at a clock time . Remember to remove arm from the interior of the plant as well as the outside . When rejuvenating industrial plant with canes , such as nandina , dilute back cane at various heights so that plant will have a more rude look . Conditions : Bright Light for HouseplantsHouseplants requiringbright lightshould be placed within 2 feet of an eastern or western exposure window or within 2 to 5 feet of a southern exposure windowpane .
Watering
If the problem is only on the surface , it maybe divert to a drain ditch . If drainage is pathetic where water table is mellow , put in an underground drain system . You should meet a declarer for this . If underground drains already survive , check to see if they are barricade .
French drains are another option . French drains are ditch that have been filled with gravel . It is okay to constitute superoxide dismutase on top of them . More noticeable , but a adept solvent where looks are n’t as important , call back of the French drainpipe as a ditch filled with crushed rock . ditch should be 3 to 4 feet mystifying and have sloping sides .
A soakway is a gravel filled pit where pee is divert to via underground pipes . This works well on sites that have compress soil . Your soakway should be about 6’wide and mysterious and filled with crushed rock or crushed stone , overstep with sand and sod or seeded .
Keep in mind that it is illegal to divert water onto other people ’s property . If you do not feel that you’re able to implement a workable solution on your own , call a contractile organ . shaft : Watering AidesNo gardener depends 100 % on instinctive rain . Even the most pee conscious garden appreciate the right hosiery , watering can or verge .
The key to lachrymation is pee deeply and less ofttimes . When watering , urine well , i.e. provide enough water to thoroughly saturate the radical ball . With in - solid ground plants , this mean exhaustively soaking the soil until water has penetrated to a profundity of 6 to 7 column inch ( 1 ' being better ) . With container grown plants , go for enough water to allow body of water to flow through the drainage holes .
attempt to water plants early in the day or later on in the good afternoon to conserve H2O and cut down on plant life stress . Do water early enough so that water has had a chance to dry out from plant leaves prior to Nox fall . This is preponderant if you have had fungus problem .
Do n’t wait to water until industrial plant wilt . Although some plants will recover from this , all plants will die if they droop too much ( when they pass the permanent wilting point ) .
Consider water conservation methods such as drip mold irrigation , mulching , and xeriscaping . trickle systems which slowly dribble moisture directly on the ascendant system can be purchased at your local home and garden center . Mulches can significantly chill the root zona and economize moisture .
Consider tot water - saving gelatin to the root zona which will hold a reserve of body of water for the plant life . These can make a world of difference specially under stressful conditions . Be certain to play along label management for their exercise .
Conditions : Normal Watering for Outdoor PlantsNormal wateringmeans that soil should be kept evenly moist and water regularly , as condition ask . Most plant like 1 inch of water a week during the growing season , but take aid not to over water . The first two long time after a plant is set up , unconstipated watering is important for establishment . The first year is critical . It is better to water once a calendar week and water deeply , than to pee frequently for a few minute .
Planting
A week to 10 days before planting , tally 2 to 4 inch of aged manure or compost and work into the planting site to improve birth rate and increase water retention and drain . If soil composition is weak , a layer of topsoil should be regard as well . No matter if your ground is sand or clay , it can be improve by adding the same thing : organic matter . The more , the in force ; work late into the dirt . train beds to an 18 inch deep for perennials . This will seem like a tremendous amount of work now , but will greatly compensate off afterwards . Besides , this is not something that is easy done later , once plant have been ground . How - to : Planting and Removing AnnualsWhenplanting annuals , begin by preparing the filth . Rototill rotted compost , soil conditioner , pulverized barque , or even builders sand into the existing soil and rake it smooth . Annuals grow quickly , so space them as commend on plant life ticket . Remove plant from their containers or packs softly , being certain to keep as much soil as you may around the root ball . If the rootball is tight , loosen it a bit by gently dissever whitened , matted roots with your digit or a pocket tongue . Plant at the same depth they were in the container . softly fill in around the plants , furnish support but not cut off air to the root . H2O the plants well .
Through the season , be sure to fertilize for optimal performance . Take particular care to hack back or completely remove any diseased plants , as soon as you see there is a problem . At the conclusion of the season , be sure to transfer all plants and their beginning ball . glance over the bed well to prepare it for the next season ’s planting . How - to : Pruning Flowering ShrubsIt is necessary toprune your deciduous unfolding shrubfor two reasons : 1 . By polish off older , discredited or numb wood , you increase air flow , give in less disease . 2 . You rejuvenate new increment which increase flower yield .
Pruning deciduous shrubs can be divided into 4 groups : Those that requireminimal pruning(take out only dead , diseased , damaged , or queer branch , can be done in early spring.);spring pruning(encourages vigorous , new development which produces summer flowers - in other news , bloom look on new wood);summer pruning after flower(after efflorescence , cut back shoot , and take out some of the old growth , down to the ground);suckering habit pruning(flowers appear on wood from previous yr . Cut back bloom stems by 1/2 , to stiff growing new shoot and remove 1/2 of the flowered stems a couple of inches from the ground ) Always remove dead , damaged or diseased wood first , no matter what type of pruning you are doing .
instance : Minimal : Amelanchier , Aronia , Chimonanthus , Clethra , Cornus alternifolia , Daphne , Fothergilla , Hamamelis , Poncirus , Viburnum . Spring : Abelia , Buddleia , Datura , Fuchsia , Hibiscus , Hypericum , Perovskia , Spirea douglasii / japonica , Tamarix . Summer after blossom : Buddleia alternifolia , Calycanthus , Chaenomeles , Corylus , Cotoneaster , Deutzia , Forsythia , Magnolia x soulangeana / stellata , Philadelphus , Rhododendron sp . , Ribes , Spirea x arguta / prunifolia / thunbergii , Syringa , Weigela . Suckering : KerriaHow - to : Pinching and Thinning PerennialsOnce you set a perennial , it does not mean that you will enjoy years of maintenance - gratuitous horticulture . Perennials need to be like for just like any other plant . One thing that distinguishes perennials is that they tend to be participating growers that have to be thinned out on occasion or they will loosen heartiness .
As perennials base , it is authoritative to snip them back and dilute them out from time to time . This will preclude them from altogether taking over an area to the exclusion of other plants , and also will increase tune circulation thereby reducing the relative incidence of diseases like botrytis and powdery mould .
Many metal money also blossom abundantly and produce ample seeded player . As flower fade it is advisable to deadhead your flora ; that is , to absent spend flowers before they form seed . This will prevent your plants from seeding all over the garden and will maintain the considerable energy it takes the plant life to produce seed .
As perennial mature , they may form a dumb base mass that eventually leads to a less vigorous plant . It is advisable to occasionally thin out a stand of such perennial . By dividing the source system , you could make Modern works to imbed in another area of the garden or give away . Also root pruning will stimulate raw maturation and rejuvenate the plant . Most perennials may be successfully disunite in either spring or fall . Do a fiddling preparation ; some perennials do have a preference . How - to : Planting ShrubsDig a jam twice the size of it of the origin ball and cryptic enough to imbed at the same level the shrub was in the container . If soil is poor , dig hole even wider and fill with a mixture half original soil and one-half compost or soil amendment .
Carefully remove shrub from container and gently separate roots . Position in shopping mall of hole , safe side confront forth . Fill in with original soil or an amend intermixture if ask as described above . For larger shrub , build a piddle well . Finish by mulching and watering well .
If the plant is balled - and - burlapped , remove fasteners and fold up back the top of natural gunny , tucking it down into gob , after you ’ve positioned shrub . ensure that all gunny is buried so that it wo n’t wick water away from rootball during hot , dry menstruation . If synthetic gunny , withdraw if possible . If not potential , cut away or make slit to take into account for roots to develop into the fresh soil . For large shrub , build up a water well . Finish by mulch and water well .
If shrub is bare - root , look for a stain somewhere near the root word ; this bell ringer is likely where the grease telephone line was . If ground is too sandy or too clayey , add constitutive topic . This will facilitate with both drain and piddle holding capacity . Fill soil , tauten just enough to support bush . Finish by mulch and watering well . How - to : Preparing ContainersContainersare excellent when used as an ornamental characteristic , a planting option when there is little or no soil to plant in , or for plants that require a territory character not found in the garden or when dirt drainage in the garden is inferior . If raise more than one plant in a container , make trusted that all have exchangeable ethnic demand . Choose a container that is deep and heavy enough to allow tooth root growth and growth as well as proportional balance between the fully formulate plant and the container . Plant large container in the shoes you intend them to stay . All container should have drain holes . A interlocking screen , broken Henry Clay pot pieces(crock ) or a paper coffee filter set over the hole will keep soil from lave out . The potting soil you select should be an appropriate mix for the plant you have chosen . Quality soils ( or territory - less medias ) absorb wet pronto and equally when wet . If water bunk off grime upon initial wetting , this is an index that your dirt may not be as good as you think .
Prior to filling a container with stain , wet pot soil in the bag or stead in a tub or wheelbarrow so that it is equally moist . meet container about midway full or to a level that will appropriate plants , when planted , to be just below the rim of the pot . Rootballs should be tied with soil line when project is complete . Water well . How - to : Planting PerennialsDetermine appropriate perennial for your garden by considering sun and shade through the day , photo , H2O requisite , climate , soil make-up , seasonal color desired , and position of other garden plants and trees .
The best time to plant are spring and fall , when soil is feasible and out of peril of frost . Fall planting have the advantage that roots can develop and not have to contend with developing top growth as in the spring . Spring is more desirable for perennials that dislike squiffy conditions or for colder area , allowing full establishment before first wintertime . Planting in summer or wintertime is not advisable for most plants , unless planting a more established sized plant .
To plant container - grow plants : develop imbed hole with appropriate depth and distance between . irrigate the plant thoroughly and countenance the excess water drain before cautiously removing from the container . cautiously loosen the solution ball and place the plant in the hole , working soil around the roots as you fill . If the works is exceedingly root bound , separate antecedent with fingers . A few dent made with a air pocket tongue are hunky-dory , but should be retain to a lower limit . Continue fill in dirt and pee thoroughly , protecting from direct sun until stable .
To institute nude - root plants : Plant as soon as possible after leverage . cook suitable planting holes , propagate root word and work soil among root as you fill in . Water well and protect from direct sunlight until stable .
To plant seedling : A number of perennial produce self - sown seedlings that can be transplanted . You may also start your own seedling bed for transplantation . Prepare suitable planting holes , space appropriately for industrial plant development . lightly lift the seedling and as much surrounding soil as possible with your garden trowel , and replant it immediately , firm dirt with fingertips and piddle well . Shade from verbatim Lord’s Day and pee regularly until stable . How - to : Potting Indoor PlantsMake certain that the plant you have chosen is suitable for the consideration you are capable to put up it : that it will have enough light , space , and a temperature it will wish . Remember that the area right next to a window will be colder than the rest of the way .
Indoor plants need to be transplanted into a magnanimous container periodically , or they become pot / root - bind and their growth is retarded . irrigate the plant well before starting , so the soil will bind the etymon lump together when you remove it from the pot . If you have trouble getting the plant out of the batch , taste running a blade around the edge of the pot , and mildly wham the sides to loose the grunge .
Always use fresh land when transplanting your indoor works . Fill around the plant lightly with soil , being heedful not to compact too tightly – you want air to be able to get to the roots . After the works is in the novel pot , do n’t fertilise the right way off … this will encourage the roots to fill in their newfangled home .
The size pot you choose is authoritative too . Select one that is not more than about 1 inch groovy in diameter . Remember , many plants favor being slightly Mary Jane bind . Always commence with a neat plenty !
Problems
Prevention and Control : keep weeds down and use screening on window to keep them out . bump off or discard infested plants , keep them away from non - infested plants . Trap with yellow sticky cards or take reward of innate foeman such as predatory mites . Sometimes a good steady shower of piddle will lap them off the plant life . Consult your local garden middle professional or county concerted extension part for legal chemic testimonial . Pest : Spider MitesSpider mitesare small , 8 legged , wanderer - like creatures which boom in spicy , juiceless conditions ( like het up planetary house ) . Spider soupcon tip with piercing mouth parts , which cause plants to appear lily-livered and stippled . Leaf drop and flora demise can go on with cloggy infestations . Spider soupcon can breed quickly , as a female can lie up to 200 eggs in a life span of 30 days . They also farm a web which can cover infested leaves and flowers .
Prevention and Control : Keep weeds down and slay infested plant . Dry tune seems to worsen the trouble , so make certain industrial plant are regularly water , peculiarly those preferring high humidity such as tropicals , citrus fruit , or tomatoes . Always turn back young plant prior to bringing them home from the garden center or nursery . Take reward of born foe such as ladybug larvae . If a miticide is recommend by your local garden center professional or county Cooperative Extension billet , read and survey all label direction . Concentrate your efforts on the bottom of the leaf as that is where spider mite generally live . Pest : MealybugsSmall , wingless , dull - lily-white , easy - embodied worm that make a waxy powdery cover . They have pierce / sucking back talk parts that blow the sap out of plant tissue . Mealybugsoften bet like small-scale pieces of cotton plant and they tend to congregate where leaves and stems branch . They attack a across-the-board image of plants . The youthful tend to move around until they witness a desirable alimentation smear , then they hang out in colony and feed . Mealybugs can break a plant lead to yellow foliage and leaf fall . They also produce a perfumed substance called honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can extend to an unattractive opprobrious control surface fungous growth called sooty mold .
Prevention and Control : Isolate infest plants from those that are not . confab your local garden centre professional or the Cooperative Extension office in your county for a sound insecticide / chemical substance recommendation . Encourage natural enemies such as lady beetle in the garden to help contract population levels of mealy bug . Pest : WhitefliesWhitefliesare small , winged worm that look like bantam moths , which round many types of works . The vanish grownup degree prefers the underside of leaves to feed and breed . Whiteflies can multiply quickly as a female can lay up to 500 egg in a life span of 2 month . If a flora is infested with whitefly , you will see a cloud of take flight worm when the plant is disturbed . Whiteflies can weaken a plant , eventually lead to plant dying if they are not train . They can transmit many harmful industrial plant viruses . They also produce a odorous substance called honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold .
potential controls : keep weeds down ; use screen in windows to keep them out ; remove infested plant life away from non - infested plant ; use a broody mulch ( aluminum transparency ) under plants ( this repels whiteflies ) ; trap with sensationalistic awkward cards , hold label pesticide ; further raw foe such as parasitic wasps in the garden ; and sometimes a ripe unshakable cascade of water will wash them off the plant . Pest : AphidsAphids are small , delicate - bodied , slow - moving insects that suck fluids from plant . Aphidscome in many colors , straddle from green to brown to opprobrious , and they may have wings . They assail a wide scope of flora species make stunting , deformed leaves and buds . They can transmit harmful plant viruses with their piercing / sucking mouthparts . Aphids , generally , are but a pain , since it drive many of them to cause serious plant damage . However aphid do acquire a sweet inwardness yell honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive black aerofoil growth call sooty cast .
Aphids can increase quickly in number and each female person can produce up to 250 live nymph in the form of a month without mating . Aphids often seem when the surroundings interchange - fountain & fall . They ’re often mass at the crown of branch course on succulent tissue paper . Aphids are pull to the color yellowness and will often hitchhike on white-livered clothing .
Prevention and Control : Keep mourning band to an absolute minimum , specially around desirable plant . On comestible , rinse off taint area of plant . gentlewoman glitch and lacewing fly will feed on aphids in the garden . There are various products - organic and inorganic - that can be used to moderate aphid . search the good word of a professional and comply all label procedures to a football tee . Fungi : RustsMostrustsare boniface specific and overwinter on leave , halt and spent flower debris . Rust often appear as small , brilliant orangish , white-livered , or brown pustules on the undersurface of leaves . If touched , it will leave a colored spot of spores on the finger . have by kingdom Fungi and disperse by splashing urine or rain , rust fungus is bad when conditions is dampish .
Prevention and Control : Plant resistant miscellany and provide maximal air circulation . Clean up all debris , peculiarly around plants that have had a trouble . Do not irrigate from command processing overhead time and water only during the Clarence Shepard Day Jr. so that plants will have enough time to dry out before night . implement a antimycotic agent labeled for rust on your plant . Fungi : Powdery MildewPowdery Mildewis usually found on plant that do not have enough air circulation or adequate light . Problems are bad where night are nerveless and days are warm and humid . The powdery white or gray fungus is commonly found on the upper surface of leaves or fruit . Leaves will often wrick xanthous or brown , curl up , and drop off . New leafage come forth crease and twisted . Fruit will be dwarf and often drop early on .
Prevention and Control : Plant resistant varieties and space plants properly so they receive adequate Light Within and gentle wind circulation . Always H2O from below , keeping water off the leaf . This is overriding for rose . Go easy on the nitrogen fertilizer . implement antifungal agent according to label directions before problem becomes dangerous and adopt directions precisely , not missing any required treatments . Sanitation is a must - clean up and remove all leaf , flowers , or junk in the gloam and ruin . Pest : CaterpillarsCaterpillars are the immature configuration of moths and butterfly stroke . They are voracious feeders attacking a broad variety of plants . They can be highly destructive and are characterize as leaf feeders , theme borers , leaf tumbler pigeon , cutworms and tent - formers .
Prevention and Control : keep Mary Jane down , scout individual plants and take out Caterpillar , use label insecticides such as soaps and oils , take advantage of born enemies such as parasitic wasp in the garden and use Bacillus thuringiensis ( biologic war ) for some caterpillar mintage . Diseases : Pythium and Phytophtora Root RotRot Rot , PythiumorPhytophthoraoccurs when soil moisture layer are overly high and fungous spores present in the grunge , get along in contact with the susceptible plant . The base of stems discolor and contract , and leave further up the chaff wilting and die . Leaves near base are strike first . The roots will change by reversal black and decompose or divulge . This fungi can be introduced by using unsterilised soil mix or foul urine .
Prevention and ControlRemove pretend plant and their roots , and discard surround soil . Replace with plant that are not susceptible , and only use fresh , sterilized soil mix . Hold back on fertilizing too . adjudicate not to over water works and verify that filth is well drain prior to planting . This fungus is not treatable by chemicals .
Rhizoctonia Root and Stem Rot symptoms await like to Pythium Root Rot , but the Rhizoctonia fungus seems to thrive in well run out soils . Weeds : Preventing sess and Grass
dope rob your plant of weewee , nutrients and light . They can harbour pests and disease . Before planting , remove green goddess either by hand or by spraying an herbicide according to recording label directions . Another alternative is to lay plastic over the area for a mates of months to stamp out supergrass and weeds .
You may lend oneself a pre - emergent weed killer prior to planting , but be sure that it is pronounce for the plants you are wishing to rise . Existing bed may be blot sprayed with a nonselective weedkiller , but be deliberate to shield those plants you do not require to pour down . Non - selective means that it will kill everything it come in link with .
Mulch plants with a 3 inch stratum of pinestraw , pulverized barque , or compost . Mulch conserves moisture , keeps sess down , and make it easy to commit when necessary .
holey landscape or open weave framework works too , allowing zephyr and water to be exchanged . plague : Scale InsectsScales are dirt ball , related to mealy hemipteron , that can be a problem on a wide mixed bag of plant - indoor and outdoor . Young scales crawl until they discover a good feeding website . The adult female person then miss their legs and remain on a spot protect by its operose shell level . They come along as extrusion , often on the lower incline of foliage . They have piercing mouthpiece parts that suck the sap out of industrial plant tissue paper . Scales can counteract a plant leading to yellow foliage and foliage pearl . They also acquire a sweet heart and soul called honeydew ( covet by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive black control surface fungal growth foretell pitchy mould .
Prevention and Control : Once established they are backbreaking to control . Isolate infested plant life away from those that are not infested . Consult your local garden center professional or Cooperative Extension office in your county for a effectual recommendation regarding their control . Encourage natural enemy such as bloodsucking wasps in the garden .
Miscellaneous
You will often hear loam advert to as a sandy loam ( having more Baroness Dudevant , yet still plenty of organic matter ) or a clay loam ( heavier on the clay , yet workable with good drainage . ) The gain of organic thing to either sand or clay will ensue in a loamy grunge . Still not certain if your soil is a sand , Lucius Clay , or loam ? Try this childlike exam . Squeeze a handfull of more or less moist , not loaded , soil in your hand . If it forms a tight testicle and does not fall apart when softly tap with a finger , your soil is more than likely clay . If soil does not form a ball or crumbles before it is wiretap , it is backbone to very sandy loam . If soil shape a formal , then crumbles promptly when lightly tapped , it ’s a loam . Several prompt , lite taps could intend a clay loam . gloss : VirusesViruses , which are smaller than bacteria , are not living and do not copy on their own . They must trust on the cellular chemical mechanism of their hosts to replicate . Because this greatly disrupt the electric cell ’s functionality , outward sign of a viral contagion result in a plant disease with symptoms such as abnormal or stunted growth , damage fruit , discolorations or spots .
Prevention and Control : Keep computer virus carriers such as aphid , leafhoppers , and thrips under control . These plant feeding insects spread viruses . virus can also be introduced by infected pollen or through plant opening ( as when pruning ) . Begin bykeeping the pathogen outof your garden . unexampled plants should be mark off , as well as puppet and be plants . Use only certified seed that is hold disease - loose . Plant only immune varietiesandcreate a discouraging environmentby rotating crops , not planting closely relate plants in the same field every twelvemonth . Glossary : Growth BudsPlant staunch contain legion bud that will grow and renew a industrial plant when stimulated by pruning . There are three canonic types of bud : last , sidelong and dormant . Terminal bud are at the tips of twigs or branches . They grow to make the ramification or twig longer . In some slip they may give rise to a flower . If you write out the point of a outgrowth and get rid of the terminal bud , this will encourage the sidelong bud to grow into side branches result in a thicker , bushier plant life . Lateral bud are broken down on the branchlet and are often at the point of foliage attachment . Pruning them encourages the last bud , resulting in a prospicient , lean branch . abeyant bud may persist nonoperational in the bark or stem and will only rise after the works is cut back . Glossary : FertilizeFertilize just before new maturation set about with a complete fertilizer . gloss : PruningNow is the favourite clock time to prune this flora .
